What andwhere Did Art Deco Originate From in Us

Architectural style pop in the 1920s-1930s

Art Deco - United states of america

Streamline locomotive (1939); Delano and National Hotels, Miami Beach (1947 and 1940); Chrysler Building, New York City (1930); Prometheus statue at Rockefeller Center (1930)
Years agile	1919-1939
State	United States

The Art Deco style, which originated in France but before World War I, had an important impact on compages and design in the United States in the 1920s and 1930s. The most famous examples are the skyscrapers of New York City including the Empire State Building, Chrysler Building, and Rockefeller Center. It combined mod aesthetics, fine adroitness and expensive materials, and became the symbol of luxury and modernity. While rarely used in residences, it was frequently used for function buildings, authorities buildings, railroad train stations, movie theaters, diners and department stores. It too was often used in furniture, and in the design of automobiles, ocean liners, and everyday objects such as toasters and radio sets. In the belatedly 1930s, during the Great Depression, it featured prominently in the architecture of the immense public works projects sponsored past the Works Progress Administration and the Public Works Assistants, such equally the Gold Gate Bridge and Hoover Dam. The manner competed throughout the menstruum with the modernist architecture, and came to an abrupt cease in 1939 with the beginning of World State of war Two. The style was rediscovered in the 1960s, and many of the original buildings have been restored and are now historical landmarks.

Architecture [edit]

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The Art Deco style had been born in Paris, only no buildings were permitted in that city which were college than Notre Dame Cathedral (with the sole exception of the Eiffel Tower). Every bit a result, the United states soon took the pb in building tall buildings. The first skyscrapers had been congenital in Chicago in the 1880s in the Beaux-Arts or neoclassical mode. In the 1920s, New York architects used the new Art Deco style to build the Chrysler Building and the Empire State Building. The Empire Country building was the tallest edifice in the globe for forty years.

The ornament of the interior and exterior of the skyscrapers was classic Fine art Deco, with geometric shapes and zigzag patterns. The Chrysler Building, by William Van Alen (1928–thirty), updated the traditional gargoyles on Gothic cathedrals with sculptures on the building corners in the shape of Chrysler radiator ornaments.^[1]

Another major landmark of the fashion was the RCA Victor Building (at present the General Electric Edifice), by John Walter Cantankerous. Information technology was covered from pinnacle to lesser with zig-zags and geometric patterns, and had a highly ornamental crown with geometric spires and lightning bolts of stone. The exterior featured bas-relief sculptures past Leo Friedlander and Lee Lawrie, and a mosaic by Barry Faulkner that required more than a meg pieces of enamel and glass.

While the skyscraper Art Deco style was by and large used for corporate office buildings, it besides became pop for government buildings, since all city offices could be contained in one building on a minimal corporeality of state. The city halls of Los Angeles, California and Buffalo, New York were built in the style, as well as the new capital building of the State of Louisiana.

Motion-picture show theaters [edit]

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  Four-story loftier g lobby of the Paramount Theatre, Oakland (1932)

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  Paramount Theatre, Oakland; detail of the mosaic facade (1932)

Another of import genre of Art Deco buildings is the pic theater. The Fine art Deco period coincided with the birth of the talking picture, and the historic period of enormous and lavishly busy flick theaters. Many of these movie theaters still survive, though many have been divided in the interior into smaller screening halls.

Among the almost famous examples are the Paramount Theatre in Oakland, California, which had a four-story high grand antechamber, entered through twenty-seven doors, and could seat 3,746 people.^[2]

Radio City Music Hall, located within the skyscraper circuitous of Rockefeller Eye in New York City, was originally a theater for stage shows when it opened in 1932, but it apace changed to the largest movie theater in the United States. It seats more than five grand people, and withal features a stage show of dancers before the film showings.

In the 1930s, the streamline style appeared in movie theaters in smaller cities. The movie theater in Normal, Illinois (1937) is a classic surviving instance.

Department stores and role buildings [edit]

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Following the lead of the skyscrapers of New York City, smaller in scale but no less ambitious in design, Art Deco role buildings and department stores appeared in cities across the U.s.a.. They were rarely congenital by banks, which wanted to appear conservative, but were frequently built by retail chains, public utilities, automobile companies and technology companies, which wanted to limited modernity and progress. Syracuse, New York is abode to the Niagara Mohawk Building, in Syracuse, New York, completed in 1932. was originally the home of the nation'due south largest electricity supplier. The facade, by the house of Bley and Lyman, was designed to limited the ability and modernity of electricity; it features a statue called "The Spirit of Light" 8.5 meters high, fabricated of stainless steel, as the fundamental element of the facade. The Guardian Building, originally the Union Trust Building, is a rare case of a bank or financial institution using Art Deco. Its interior ornament was so elaborate that it became known as the "Cathedral of Commerce". ^[3]

The San Francisco builder Timothy 50. Pflueger best known for the Paramount Theatre in Oakland, California, was another proponent of lavish Art Deco interiors and facades on role buildings. The interior of his downtown San Francisco office building, 450 Sutter Street, opened in 1929, was entirely covered with hieroglyphic-similar designs and decoration, resembling a giant tapestry. ^[4]

Greco Deco [edit]

Greco Deco is a term coined by Washington, DC-based art historian James M. Goode to depict a style of art and compages popularized in the late 1920s and 1930s.^[five] Arising out of the Beaux-Arts tradition, Greco Deco combined Greek and Roman traditions with those of the then fashionable Art Deco. The style is likewise referred to as Stripped Classical for its simpler appearance compared to neoclassical compages.^[6]

Greco Deco compages frequently expressed itself in a rather severe Greco-Roman facade busy with deco styles shallow reliefs and/or deco styled interior decoration featuring murals, tile mosaics and sculpture. A common motif amongst Greco Deco architecture is the use of stylized or simplified pilasters. The style was the well-nigh-official mode of many federal and local authorities buildings in the U.s.a. from the mid-1920s until World War Ii, and frequently overlaps with the style that architectural historian David Gebhard terms "WPA Moderne."

Architects [edit]

• Albert Speer
• William J.J. Chase
• Paul Cret
• Bertram G Goodhue
• Marr & Holman
• Smith Hinchman & Grylls (now the SmithGroupJJR)
• Wyatt C. Hedrick
• Zantzinger, Borie and Medary
• George West. Kelham

Sculptors [edit]

• Rene Paul Chambellan
• Carl Paul Jennewein
• Lee Lawrie
• Paul Manship
• Corrado Parducci
• Ulysses Ricci

The Streamline style [edit]

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Streamline Moderne (or Streamline) was a variety of Art Deco which emerged during the mid-1930s. The architectural style was more sober and less decorative than earlier Art Deco buildings, more in melody with the somber mood of the Great Depression. Buildings in the style frequently resembled state-bound ships, with rounded corners, long horizontal lines, atomic number 26 railings, and sometimes nautical features. Notable examples include the San Francisco Maritime Museum (1936), originally built as a public bathroom house next to the beach, and the Pan-Pacific Auditorium in Los Angeles, built in 1935 and closed in 1978. It was alleged a historic landmark, only it was destroyed past a fire in 1989.

The style of decoration and industrial blueprint was influenced past modern aerodynamic principles adult for aviation and ballistics to reduce air friction at high velocities. The bullet shapes were applied by designers to cars, trains, ships, and even objects not intended to move, such every bit refrigerators, gas pumps, and buildings. I of the start production vehicles in this fashion was the Chrysler Airflow of 1933. Information technology was unsuccessful commercially, only the dazzler and functionality of its design ready a precedent; streamline moderne meant modernity. It continued to be used in car pattern well after Globe War II.^{[7] [8] [nine] [10]}

Train stations and airports [edit]

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  The Marine Air Terminal at LaGuardia Airport (1937) was the New York final for the flights of Pan Am Clipper flight boats.

Art Deco was often associated with airplanes, trains and airships and was frequently chosen as the manner for new transport terminals. The semi-dome of Cincinnati Union Terminal (1933) measures 180 anxiety (55 m) wide and 106 feet (32 chiliad) loftier.^[11] After the reject of railroad travel, most of the building was converted to other uses, including the Cincinnati Museum Center, though it is still used as an Amtrak station.

The Marine Air Concluding at LaGuardia Airport, built in 1939, was the first last for overseas flights from New York; it served the flying boats of Pan American World Airways which landed in the harbor. It survived devastation, and still contains a notable Art Deco mural called Flight, which was destroyed and then restored in the 1980s.

Union Station in Los Angeles was partially designed by John Parkinson and Donald B. Parkinson (the Parkinsons) who had too designed Los Angeles Metropolis Hall and other landmark Los Angeles buildings. The structure combines Fine art Deco, Mission Revival, and Streamline Moderne manner, with architectural details such equally viii-pointed stars, and fifty-fifty elements of Dutch Colonial Revival architecture.^[12]

Hotels, resorts, and the Miami Beach manner [edit]

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The Fine art Deco period saw an enormous increment in travel and tourism, by trains, automobiles, and airplanes. Several luxury hotels were built in the new style; the Waldorf-Astoria on Park Artery in New York City, built in 1929 to replace a beaux-arts mode building from the 1890s, was the tallest and largest hotel in the globe when it was congenital.

The urban center of Miami Embankment, Florida developed its own detail variant of Art Deco, and the manner remained popular there until the tardily 1940s, well after other American cities. It became a pop tourist destination in the 1920s and 1930s, particularly attracting visitors from the Northeast United States during the winter. A large number of Art Deco hotels were built, which have been grouped together into an historical area, the Miami Beach Architectural District, and preserved, and many have been restored to their original advent.^{[13] [fourteen]} The district has an area of well-nigh one square kilometer, and contains both hotels and secondary residences, all near the same height, none higher than twelve or thirteen stories. Near take classic Art Deco characteristics; clear geometric shapes spread out horizontally; aerodynamic streamline features; and often a primal belfry breaking the horizontal, topped by a spire or dome. A particular Miami Fine art Deco feature is the palette of pastel colors, alternating with white stucco. The decoration features herons, sea shells, palm copse and sunrises and sunsets. The neon lighting at dark highlights the Art Deco temper. ^[15]

Diners and roadside compages [edit]

Because of its high cost of structure, Art Deco was commonly used only in big part buildings, authorities buildings and theaters, merely it was sometimes used in smaller structures, such as diners and gas stations, especially forth highways. A notable example is the U-Drib Inn in Shamrock, Texas, located along U.Due south. Highway 66. Information technology was built in 1936, and is now endemic by the Urban center of Shamrock, and is an historical landmark.

In the late 1930s and early 1940s, a number of diners modeled after the cars of streamlined trains were produced, and appeared in different cities in the The states. In a few cases, real railroad cars were transformed into diners. A few survive, including the Modernistic Diner in Pawtucket, Rhode Island which is a registered landmark.

Art [edit]

Murals [edit]

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  A portion of a landscape depicting the History of Southern Illinois, commissioned by the Federal Art Project for the lLibrary of the University of Southern Illinois (1935)

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  Workers sorting the postal service, a mural in the U.South. Customs House in New York by Reginald Marsh (1936)

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In that location was no specific Art Deco manner of painting in the United states, though paintings were oftentimes used equally ornamentation, peculiarly in government buildings and office buildings. In the 1932 the Public Works of Art Project was created to give piece of work to artists unemployed considering the Bang-up Depression. In a year, it commissioned more than fifteen g works of fine art. It was succeeded in 1935 by the Federal Arts Project of the Works Progress Administration, or WPA. prominent American artists were commissioned by the Federal Art Project to paint murals in government buildings, hospitals, airports, schools and universities. Some the America'southward well-nigh famous artists, including Grant Wood, Reginald Marsh, Georgia O'Keeffe and Maxine Albro took part in the plan. The celebrated Mexican painter Diego Rivera also took office in the plan, painting a mural. The paintings were in a variety of styles, including regionalism, social realism, and American scenic painting.

A few murals were too commissioned for Art Deco skyscrapers, notably Rockefeller Center in New York. Two murals were commissioned for the antechamber, one past John Steuart Back-scratch and another by Diego Rivera. The owners of the building, the Rockefeller family, discovered that Rivera, a Communist, had slipped an paradigm of Lenin into a oversupply in the painting, and had it destroyed.^[16] The mural was replaced with some other by the Spanish creative person José Maria Sert.^[17]

Sculpture [edit]

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Ane of the largest Art Deco sculptures is the statue of Ceres, the goddess of grain and fertility, at the top of the Chicago Board of Merchandise. Made of aluminum, it stands 31 anxiety (9.4 meters) alpine, and weighs 6,500 pounds. Ceres was chosen because the Chicago Board of Merchandise was one of the largest grain and commodities markets in the world.

Graphic Arts [edit]

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  Affiche for Chicago World's Fair (1933)

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  WPA Poster warning against crossing the street confronting the light (1937)

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  WPA poster advertising Port of Philadelphia (1937)

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  WPA "Swim for Health" poster (1938)

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  WPA Tourism promotion affiche for country of Pennsylvania (1938)

The Art Deco style appeared early on in the graphic arts, in the years just before World State of war I. It appeared in Paris in the posters and the costume designs of Léon Bakst for the Ballets Russes, and in the catalogs of the way designers Paul Poiret. The illustrations of Georges Barbier, and Georges Lepape and the images in the fashion magazine La Gazette du bon ton perfectly captured the elegance and sensuality of the style. In the 1920s, the look changed; the fashions stressed were more casual, sportive and daring, with the woman models normally smoking cigarettes. American fashion magazines such as Vogue, Vanity Off-white and Harper's Bazaar apace picked upward the new mode and popularized it in the United States. It also influenced the piece of work of American book illustrators such as Rockwell Kent.^[18]

In the 1930s a new genre of posters appeared in the United States during the Neat Depression. The Federal Art Project hired American artists to create posters to promote tourism and cultural events.

PWA Moderne [edit]

PWA Moderne (or "P.W.A. Moderne", PWA/WPA Moderne,^[xix] Federal Moderne,^[20] Depression Moderne,^[19] Classical Moderne,^[19] Stripped Classicism) is an architectural style of many buildings in the United States completed between 1933 and 1944,^[20] during and shortly after the Neat Depression every bit part of relief projects sponsored by the Public Works Administration (PWA) and the Works Progress Administration (WPA).

The style draws from traditional motifs such as Beaux-Arts classicism and Art Deco and is similar to Streamline Moderne,^{[20] [21]} often with zigzag ornamentation added. The structures reverberate a greater utilise of conservative and classical elements and have a monumental feel. They include post offices, railroad train stations, public schools, libraries, civic centers, courthouses,^[twenty] museums, bridges, and dams across the land. Banks were as well built in the fashion because such buildings radiated authority.^[xix]

Elements of the style [edit]

Typical elements of PWA Moderne buildings include:^[xix]

• Classical balanced and symmetrical form
• Windows arranged as vertical recessed panels
• Surfaces sheathed in smooth, flat stone or stucco

Examples [edit]

Examples of PWA buildings and structures include:

Arizona/Nevada [edit]

• Hoover Dam (Bedrock Dam) – on the Colorado River in Arizona and Nevada.^{[22] [23]}
• Arizona Country Fairgrounds Grandstand (1936–1937) – Phoenix, Arizona. The exterior of the grandstand has 23 bas-relief panels by David Carrick Swing and Florence Blakeslee, that were funded by the Federal Art Project.^{[24] [25]}
• WPA Administration Edifice (1938) – at 19th Avenue and McDowell Road on the Arizona State Fairgrounds, Phoenix, Arizona. It was headquarters for Works Progress Administration−WPA projects in Arizona.^{[26] [27] [28]}

Florida [edit]

Ed Austin Building (Former Federal Courthouse, current Florida Land Attorney's Role), Jacksonville, Florida

• Jacksonville
  • Ed Austin Building (sometime Federal Courthouse, current State Attorney'south Office), 1933, Marsh & Saxelbye

California [edit]

Greater Los Angeles [edit]

Venice Police Station, Los Angeles

• Burbank: Burbank City Hall, Allen Lutzi^[29]
• Culver City:
  • Helms Bakery, 1930, Due east. L. Bruner
  • MGM Studios, 1938–39, Claude Beelman, Beaux-Arts in the guise of PWA Moderne
• El Segundo: El Segundo Elementary School, 1936
• Hermosa Beach: N School, 1934 Samuel Lunden (Per File #19-45 of DSA Records); Pier Avenue School, 1939, March, Smith, and Powell
• Inglewood: Inglewood Memorial Park, buildings 1933 and 1940, Walter E. Erkes
• Lancaster: Mail service Office (1940, Louis A. Simon and former School Building (c. 1937)
• Lawndale: Leuzinger High School, T.C. Kistner & Cómo.; Kistner & Curtis; Eugene D. Birnbaum and Associates^[29]
• Long Beach
  • Jefferson Junior Loftier Schoolhouse Building, 1936
  • Long Beach Principal Post Office, 1934, Louis A. Simon and James A. Wetmore
  • Municipal Utilities Edifice, 1932, Dedrick and Bobbe
  • Robert Louis Stevenson school, c. 1936
  • Veteran's Memorial Edifice 1936–37, George Kahrs
• Los Angeles:
  • Abraham Lincoln High School (Lincoln Heights), 1937–38, Albert C. Martin
  • Carpenter Community Charter School
  • Distribution Station #28, Department of H2o and Power (West Fifty.A.), 1945–46, G. E. Benker, engineer
  • Federal Building and Mail Part (now U.Southward. Federal Courthouse), 1938–1940, Louis A. Simon
  • Hall of Administration, 1956–1961: A continuation of the PWA Moderne style in the 1950s
  • Hollywood Branch Post Office, 1937, Claude Beellman, Allison and Allison
  • Pacific Stock Substitution, 1929–xxx, Samuel Eastward. Lunden
  • Police and Fire Station of Venice, c. 1930
  • San Pedro High School, 1935–1937, Gordon B. Kaufmann
  • Sepulveda Dam, 1941, flood control dam on the Los Angeles River in the San Fernando Valley, 1939–1941, War Department
  • U.Southward. Customs Business firm and Postal service Office (San Pedro), 1935
  • U.S. Naval and Marine Corps Arsenal, 1939–40, Stiles Clements
  • University of Southern California campus: Alan Hancock Foundation and Memorial Museum, 1940, Cram and Ferguson
• Pasadena:
  • Armory Gallery (former California Land Armory), 1932, Bennett and Haskell
  • Grover Cleveland Elementary School, 1934
• San Gabriel: San Gabriel Union Church building and Schoolhouse, 1936
• Santa Monica:
  • Santa Monica Urban center Hall, 1938–39, Donald B. Parkinson and J. M. Estep
  • Post Office, Robert Dennis Murray, Louis A. Simon^[29]
• Torrance:
  • Auditorium (Torrance High School)
  • Torrance Public Library, 1936, Walker & Eisen
• Whittier:^[thirty]
  • National Trust and Savings, c. 1935, William H. Harrison
  • Whittier Post Function, 1935, Louis A. Simon
  • Whittier-Union High Schoolhouse, 1939–twoscore, William H. Harrison

Elsewhere in California [edit]

• Bakersfield: Kern County Hall of Records, 1939 remodel, Chris Brewer
• Fresno: County Hall of Records, 1937, Allied Architects of Fresno^[31]
• Jackson: Amador Canton Courthouse, 1940 remodel, George Sellon^[32]
• Oakland: Alameda County Courthouse, 1939^[33]
• Salinas: Monterey County Courthouse, 1937, Robert Stanton & Charles Butner^[34]
• San Diego: San Diego County Administration Center, 1938, Samuel Woods Hamill, William Templeton Johnson, Richard Requa, Louis John Gill^[35]
• San Francisco: San Francisco Mint, 1937
• San Luis Obispo: San Luis Obispo County Courthouse, 1940, Walker & Eisen^[36]
• Santa Cruz: Santa Cruz Borough Auditorium, 1939^[37]
• Visalia: Tulare County Courthouse (at present Department of Public Social Services), 1935, Ernest Kump^{[38] [39]}

District of Columbia (Washington, D.C.) [edit]

• Folger Shakespeare Library, 1932, Paul Philippe Cret^[20]
• Library of Congress Annex (John Adams Building), 1939, Pierson & Wilson^[20]
• Harry S Truman Building (particularly the State of war Department building) of the United states of america Department of State, 1939, Underwood & Foster^[40]

Iowa [edit]

Sioux City Municipal Auditorium. The smooth brick walls, rounded corners, and deeply incised openings typify the Moderne style.

• Animosa: Jones County Courthouse, 1937, Dougher, Rich and Woodburn
• Audubon: Audubon Canton Court House, 1940, Keffer and Jones
• Atlantic: Cass County Courthouse, 1934, Dougher, Rich and Woodburn
• Burlington: Des Moines County Court House, 1940, Keffer and Jones
• Charles Urban center: Floyd County Court Business firm, 1940, Hansen & Waggoner
• Dakota City: Humboldt Canton Courthouse, 1939
• Independence: Buchanan County Court Firm, 1940, Dougher, Rich and Woodburn
• Indianola: Warren County Court House, 1939, Keffer and Jones
• St. Olaf: St. Olaf Auditorium, 1939
• Sioux City: Sioux Metropolis Municipal Auditorium, 1938–fifty, Knute E. Westerlind
• Waukon: Allamakee County Court House, 1940, Charles Altfillisch
• Waverly: Bremer County Courtroom House, 1937, Mortimer Cleveland

Minnesota [edit]

William K. Nakamura Federal Courthouse, Seattle, WA

• Minneapolis: Minneapolis Armory, 1935–36, P.C. Bettenburg; Walter H. Wheeler

Mississippi [edit]

• Mississippi: Amory National Guard Armory, 1937–38, Overstreet & Town

Nevada [edit]

• Pioche: Lincoln County Courthouse, 1938, A. Lacy Worswick; L.F. Dow

Oregon [edit]

• Salem: Oregon State Capitol, 1938, Trowbridge & Livingston

Tennessee [edit]

• Nashville: Martin Luther King Magnet at Pearl High School

Texas [edit]

• Austin: Heman Marion Sweatt Travis County Courthouse 1930,1931, Page Brothers
• Longview: Gregg Canton Courthouse 1932, Voelcker and Dixon^[41]

Utah [edit]

• Orderville: Valley School
• Provo: Superintendent's Residence at the Utah State Hospital, 1934 (Colonial Revival/PWA Moderne)
• Santaquin: Santaquin Junior Loftier School

Washington [edit]

• Seattle: William Yard. Nakamura Federal Courthouse, 1940, Gilbert Stanley Underwood^[42]

Run across as well [edit]

• Listing of Art Deco architecture
• Listing of Art Deco compages in the United States
• Fine art Deco compages of New York City
• Moderne architecture
• Streamline Moderne architecture
• WPA Rustic compages

References [edit]

Notes and citations [edit]

1. ^ Morel2012, p. 151.
2. ^ Stone, Susannah Harris. The Oakland Paramount, Lancaster-Miller Publishers (1982) - ISBN 0-89581-607-five
3. ^ Duncan 1988, p. 193.
4. ^ Duncan 1988, p. 198.
5. ^ James G. Goode (1 December 1981). Capital Losses: A Cultural History of Washington's Destroyed Buildings. Smithsonian Establishment Press. pp. 178, 188. ISBN978-0-87474-479-8 . Retrieved 5 April 2013.
6. ^ "Observe a Edifice: Search".
7. ^ Gartman, David (1994). Auto Opium. Routledge. pp. 122–124. ISBN978-0-415-10572-9.
8. ^ "Curves of Steel: Streamlined Automobile Design". Phoenix Art Museum. 2007. Retrieved 1 September 2010.
9. ^ Armi, C. Edson (1989). The Art of American Automobile Design. Pennsylvania State University Press. p. 66. ISBN978-0-271-00479-2.
10. ^ Hinckley, James (2005). The Large Book of Car Culture: The Armchair Guide to Automotive Americana. MotorBooks/MBI Publishing. p. 239. ISBN978-0-7603-1965-ix.
11. ^ Cincinnati Union Terminal Architectural Information Canvas Archived 2010-06-twenty at the Wayback Machine. Cincinnati Museum Center. Retrieved on Feb viii, 2010
12. ^ Waldie, D.J. (May one, 2014) "Union Station: L.A.'s nearly perfect time motorcar" Op-Ed, Los Angeles Times.
13. ^ "Our Mission Statement". Miami Pattern Preservation League. Retrieved vii December 2012.
14. ^ Brown, Joseph (2009). "Miami Embankment Art Deco". Miami Embankment MagazineFebruary 2010. Archived from the original on 31 January 2010.
15. ^ Duncan 1988, pp. 203–205.
16. ^ "Archibald MacLeish Criticism". Enotes.com. Retrieved 2011-12-08 .
17. ^ Morel 2012, p. 155.
18. ^ Duncan 1988, pp. 148–150.
19. ^ ^{a b c d e} Fullerton Heritage site
20. ^ ^{a b c d e f} The Grove Encyclopedia of American Art, Volume one, Joan M. Marter, ed., p. 147
21. ^ McGraw-Loma Dictionary of Architecture and Construction
22. ^ Arizona.edu: "The New Deal in Arizona: Connections to Our Historic Landscape", University of Arizona, The New Deal in Arizona Chapter of the National New Deal Preservation Clan.
23. ^ Arizona.edu: Photos of New Bargain projects in Arizona
24. ^ KJZZ.org: "Did You Know: Arizona State Fairgrounds 110 Years One-time", by Nadine Approach Rodriguez, 21 August 2015; with images of the WPA Grandstand and Assistants Edifice.
25. ^ Living New Deal Weblog: Arizona State Fairgrounds Stadium and Art
26. ^ Phoenix New Times: "Demolition of WPA Borough Edifice at Arizona State Fairgrounds on Temporary Hold", xviii July 2014.
27. ^ Youtube.com: "1938 WPA Assistants Building in 1949 & 1969"
28. ^ "Azfamily.com: "$200,000 to go toward preserving State Fairgrounds WPA Administration Building"". Retrieved 10 Apr 2016.
29. ^ ^{a b c} "PWA Moderne", Los Angeles Conservancy website
30. ^ An Arch Guidebook to Los Angeles, Robert Winter, p. 322
31. ^ "Fresno County, US Courthouses". Retrieved xi Aug 2016.
32. ^ "Amador County, Usa Courthouses". Retrieved 11 Aug 2016.
33. ^ "Alameda County, Us Courthouses". Retrieved 11 Aug 2016.
34. ^ "Monterey Canton, US Courthouses". Retrieved 11 Aug 2016.
35. ^ "San Diego County, US Courthouses". Retrieved 11 Aug 2016.
36. ^ "San Luis Obispo County, U.s. Courthouses". Retrieved 11 Aug 2016.
37. ^ "Santa Cruz Borough Auditorium - Santa Cruz CA - Living New Deal". Retrieved 11 Aug 2016.
38. ^ "Tulare County, US Courthouses". Retrieved 11 Aug 2016.
39. ^ "Tulare County Department of Public Social Services - Visalia CA - Living New Deal". Retrieved 11 Aug 2016.
40. ^ "Harry Due south. Truman Federal Building, Washington, DC".
41. ^ "Gregg County Courthouse, Longview, Texas". www.texasescapes.com . Retrieved sixteen March 2018.
42. ^ "William K. Nakamura Federal Courthouse - Seattle WA - Living New Deal". Retrieved 11 Aug 2016.

Bibliography [edit]

• Bayer, Patricia (1999). Art Deco Architecture: Design, Decoration and Detail from the Twenties and Thirties. Thames & Hudson. ISBN978-0-500-28149-ix.
• Benton, Charlotte; Benton, Tim; Wood, Ghislaine; Baddeley, Oriana (2003). Art Deco: 1910–1939 . Bulfinch. ISBN978-0-8212-2834-0.
• Cakewalk, Carla (2003). American Fine art Deco: Modern Architecture and Regionalism. W. West. Norton. ISBN978-0-393-01970-4.
• Duncan, Alastair (1988). Art déco . Thames & Hudson. ISBNtwo-87811-003-X.
• Duncan, Alaistair (2009). Fine art Deco Complete: The Definitive Guide to the Decorative Arts of the 1920s and 1930s. Abrams. ISBN978-0-8109-8046-4.
• Gallagher, Fiona (2002). Christie's Art Deco. Pavilion Books. ISBN978-1-86205-509-4.
• Hillier, Bevis (1968). Art Deco of the 20s and 30s. Studio Vista. ISBN978-0-289-27788-1.
• Long, Christopher (2007). Paul T. Frankl and Modern American Design . Yale University Press. ISBN978-0-300-12102-five.
• Lucie-Smith, Edward (1996). Fine art Deco Painting. Phaidon Press. ISBN978-0-7148-3576-ane.
• Morel, Guillaume (2012). Art Déco (in French). Éditions Place des Victoires. ISBN978-2-8099-0701-8.
• Savage, Rebecca Binno; Kowalski, Greg (2004). Art Deco in Detroit (Images of America). Arcadia. ISBN978-0-7385-3228-8.
• Vincent, G.K. (2008). A History of Du Cane Court: Land, Architecture, People and Politics. Woodbine Press. ISBN978-0-9541675-one-vi.
• Ward, Mary; Ward, Neville (1978). Home in the Twenties and Thirties. Ian Allan. ISBN0-7110-0785-3.

External links [edit]

• Media related to Art Deco in the United States at Wikimedia Commons

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Deco_in_the_United_States

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